Belle Boyd ( 1843-1900 ) - 1248 Words

Nicole Sanders 3rd hour Belle Boyd (1843-1900) Belle Boyd was born in 1844 as the oldest of eight kids. She went to collage when she was twelve and graduated when she was sixteen. Boyd became a spy for the Confederacy before she was eighteen. When she was a spy she was a messenger and a medical transporter in the south. During many of the wars involving Confederate soldiers Boyd nursed the wounded back to health. Betrayed by one of her first loves, she was arrested twice and after finally being released she went to England to regain her health. While in England she pursued her acting career and started her novel Belle Boyd In Camp and Prison. When she returned to the U.S she shortly toured as an actress until she retired in 1869 and married John Swanston Hammond. Soon after, Boyd suffered a mental collapse and had her first soon in a Stockton insane asylum. She was discharged in 1870 and had three more children before settling in Dallas where her marriage was dissolved in in 1884. She then married her third husband and her full n ame became Belle Boyd-Harding-Hammond-High. She died of a heart attack in Kilbourn, (Which is currently known as the Dells) Wisconsin in the year 1900 at the age of 57. (Answer to question 1). Belle Boyd was the first of eight kids, naturally taking the leadership role in her family. Her family also supported the Confederate cause while the majority of her community was Union supporters. I think this influenced her personality, like how proud

Alternative Health Free Essays

Medical intervention is a continuous quest for health care management. Whether conventional, complementary or alternative medicine, the aim of   health care provider is to give relief to pain or to cure illness of   their patients temporarily or permanently . Alternative medicine is a practice of medicine that prevents or treats disease or ailments without the use of drugs or undergoing diagnostic procedures. We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now It includes chiropractic, acupuncture, yoga, use of medicinal plants, homeopathy, meditation, massage and anything that requires self awareness and belief   that the body can heal itself. The use of alternative medicine is fast growing despite the result of many clinical studies showing its side effects and adverse reactions especially when combined with other procedure. It is therefore important that health care seekers should inform their health care provider of their present condition and current treatment to prevent unfavorable interaction of different treatment modality. DISCUSSION The world of medicine faces a continuous challenge on how to uplift the level   of health care in the country. There are organizations that spend a lot of money to provide the best drug that can cure certain illness. Several funding companies are   searching for the best medication. Clinical trials are continuously conducting studies for the drug development. A variety of medical methods have been accepted by medical practice due to many scientific explanations for their effectiveness and most often than not,   these procedures cost a lot of money. However, absence of side effects and adverse reactions is not an assurance. There are also incidents of unsatisfied medical treatment outcome. Medical lawsuits are becoming rampant nowadays resulting to decline in conventional health visits. In accordance, several health care methods are becoming more accepted as a way of battling ailments. These factors add to the popularity of alternative medicine. Although many people in less developed countries have used alternative medicine, it has not proven to cause 100% therapeutic effect. Many medical literatures have been discussing alternative medicine with complementary medicine. It should be remembered   that alternative medicine is a practice used in place of conventional medicine while complementary medicine is an alternative medicine with concurrent use of conventional medicine. Conventional medicine is medicine practiced by professionals such as Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine and other allied health professionals like physical therapist, psychologist and registered nurse. It is also known as Western medicine, orthodox, biomedicine or regular medicine. In a study conducted by Barnes and colleagues (2002), the use of complementary and alternative medicine among adults in United States has been revealed. They collected data from the noninstitutionalized population using a computer-assisted personal interview among adults age 18 and above. They found out that 60% of the adults were using some form of complementary and alternative medicine. The   most commonly used   therapies were use of prayer for   health , natural products, deep breathing exercises,   meditation, chiropractic care, yoga , massage , and diet-based therapies. Ernst (2000) revealed in his research the 9% to 65% prevalence of use of complementary/alternative medicine. The given form for treatment was chiropractic in the USA but showed considerable discrepancies. The study suggests that complementary/alternative medicine therapies are frequently used and increasing. â€Å"The true prevalence of use of complementary/alternative medicine in the general population remains uncertain†. Alternative medicine has been practiced from eastern to western part of the world from 2,000-6,000 years of history (Dworkin, 2006). The definition and scope of alternative medicine is so broad that falls into one definition; a   practice of medicine which requires self-awareness, treatment or prevention of disease without the use of expensive drugs and need not undergo through the   high cost   of   diagnostic procedures. It includes all healing approaches that do not use the conventional Western medicine. Alternative medicine includes acupuncture, aromatherapy, Ayurveda medicine, Chinese medicine, chiropractic, herbal medicine, homeopathy, massage, meditation, naturopathy, therapeutic touch and Yoga.    How to cite Alternative Health, Papers

Concept of Universal Health Care

Question: Discuss about the Concept of Universal Health Care . Answer: Introduction: The essay deals with the concept of the universal health care also known as universal health or UHC. UHC is the outcome of WHOs response in 1948 that declared Health a fundamental human right. UHC means the health services will be provided equally to all the individuals and the communities without any financial hardships. These services include essential health services from illness prevention to health promotion, treatment, palliative care and rehabilitation (Sen, 2015). Countries will make progress towards different health related targets if they progress towards UHC. Since UHC helps public to access services that can address the cause of ill health and death, it protects them from financial consequences. The public do not need to pay from own pockets therefore; they are free from the risk of falling into poverty (Tan et al., 2014). For example, the Single-payer health care is a system where the government pays for all the health care costs. The essay discusses the concept of UHC i n Singapore and an overview of the healthcare policy over the last ten years. The Singapore governments ministry of health implements universal health care system. The government implements a system of compulsory savings, price control and savings to ensure healthcare affordability within the public system (Haseltine, 2013). Further, the essay discusses how the government health policies are working towards providing an effective health system. Singapore offers multiple layer of protection through its universal coverage. Singapores health care model involves compulsory health care savings, tax-based subsidies, risk pooling via insurance schemes and ultimate safety net for needy (Lin, 2015). It offers heavy government subsidies (80%) that are accessible by all the Singaporeans in acute hospital wards. Further, Singapore implements compulsory individual medical savings account scheme according to which the public is allowed to pay for their share of medical treatment. It thus, minimises financial burden. Singapore has also implemented Medishield, which is a medical insurance scheme. This low cost scheme allows the public to risk pool the financial risks associated with major illnesses. Medishield includes features such as co-payment and deductibles that promotes individuals responsibility for ones healthcare needs. Singaporeans can also subscribe for Eldershield which protects people from financial risk of struggling with sev ere disability. The other medical endowment fund named as Medifund is the governments safety net for public who cannot afford their medical bills despite heavy subsidies such as Medishield and Medisave (Tan et al., 2014). Many people in Singapore also have private health insurances and are not covered by the governments programmes. The country also allows the people to choose the providers within the government and private hospitals. The patients can also access 24-hour Accident Emergency Departments in the government hospitals (Haseltine, 2013). In 2009, Singapore has established the Agency for Integrated Care to improve the community services and that in nursing homes. It integrates the long-term patient focused care (Chin et al., 2016). The country has established Regional Health systems to link the primary care and the rehabilitation centres with the hospitals. These initiatives of the government are supported by Temasek Cares. The country has launched National Electronic Record Programme in 2011 for supporting telemedicine and telehealth. Once fully developed the system of Electronic Health records it will enable patients to contribute to their personal health records (Fong Tambyah, 2013). In order to manage the rising health care cost, Singapore follows the ideology, Prevention is better than cure. Singapore has implemented preventive healthcare programmessuch as subsidised or free health screening programs. These activities promote healthy lifestyle and reduce substantial incurring of medical expenditure (Wouters et al., 2016). This ideology deals with issue of increasing aging population in Singapore. This principle aims to decrease the increasing vulnerability of the people to the health issues which will eventually decrease the health care costs. To keep the costs in check it regulates the supply and the prices of the health care services (Kumar Ning Zhang, 2008). Singapore government however, does not directly regulate the private medical care costs and are largely subjected to the market forces. These costs vary within the private sector depending on the services provided and the available medical speciality. The government spending on the health care increased from $5.8 billion in 2013-14 to $7.1 billion in 2014-2015 (Fong Tambyah, 2013). The effectiveness of the heath system is ensured by the government through benefits offered by the Medifund and Medisave. The first thing to be noted here is that Medisave only benefits the citizens of Singapore and its permanent residents who are prime contributors of the Central Provident Fund or CPF. Medisave not only allows subsidising the healthcare expenditure but also to pay premiums of Medishield, that is covering 80% of the medical costs at B2/C leveland other shield plans (Choon, 2010). Hence, the subscribers of Medishield can have the most of the outpatient and the inpatient care expenses (deductibles and co-insurance). It thus prevents intake of huge medical assistance and social stressor oh healthcare need. However, it creates a burden on the individual to look after both personal and relatives health care needs in addition to contributing towards CPF (Chen Phua, 2013). It adds to additional burden if the contributor is sole income earner of the family. Hence, it is req uired for Singapore to develop alternate strategy or provide financial subsidies for individuals not contributing towards CPF. This approach will assist Singapore in effectively managing the rising health care costs (Hang et al., 2016). Medifund benefits the needy citizens of Singapore only after meeting a list of requirements such as inability of the patient and the family to pay for the medical expenses inspite of the heavy government subsidies, Medisave and Medishield (Lim, 2010). However, the government though appears to show great concern for the poor and the needy the initiative is still not wholesome. Therefore, the government needs to relook for such patients who are meeting most of the criteria but are refusing to pay the medical bill. Such patients should be eliminated from the benefits of Medifund. On the other hand there may be a family with single income earner who refuses to pay the medical expenses of the dependent households despite being able to. It will increase the health issues of the rest of the households. In 1978, the member countries of WHO have accepted the approach of primary health care with the goal to achieve Health for all which is also known as Alma-Ata Declartion (Choon, 2010). Thus, a decade ago Singapore was not meeting the definition of UHC, which has a prime objective of Equity in access to health services as well as Alma-Ata Declartion. As per this objective every person in need should be able to access the health care services irrespective of who can pay them. These are the areas which are to be revisited by the Singapore government although it has comprehensive and complete health care system (Ng Li, 2011). In order to promote competition and transparency and prevent unwarranted rise in the health care costs, the Singapore ministry of health began to publish the hospital bills to highlight the variation of cost. It was aimed to push hospitals to do more with less, witches later led to some improvements such as the drop in the LASIK prices by more than $1,000 for each eye and is continuing till this day (Hang Thampuran, 2016). It is of great benefits to the consumers. Further, the health outcomes are also published on the websites to encourage further improvement in hospitals which also assists people in making informed choice. There is available statistics that supports the success of the Singapore health system. According to the 2008 reports Singapore spent about $ 10.2 billion on healthcare and expended 2.7 billion on the health services. The drugs in Singapore are kept affordable through Group Purchasing Office that contains the costs of Pharmaceutical related expenditure (Pwee, 200 9). According to Lim (2016), the health care system in Singapore in 2015 was recognised to be the most successful in the world. It has achieved effective results in community health outcomes as well as in financing due to its well-organised health care delivery system. In order to ensure effective health system the government adjusts its policies regularly. Hang et al. (2016) described that the unique features of Singapore are difficult to be replicated in any other country. The medical facilities of Singapore are among the finest in the world. In 2012, the doctor to population ratio was 1:520, the nurses to population ratio were 1:150 and the ratio of dentist to population was 1:3230. Singapore has developed effective health care delivery system. There are 1400 private clinics offering primary care and more than 18 public clinics that provide subsidised care including outpatient, health screening, immunization, pharmacy services and dental care (Lim, 2016). Singapore health care system is strengthening its ties to private general practitioner networks. In 2012, Singapore has introduced the Community Health Assist Scheme which provides subsidies to people from different socioeconomic groups to reduce disparities. The subscribers of this scheme have visits to the participating private clinics that are subsidised for acute conditions, specific dental procedures, chronic illnesses and health screening. There are 460 dental clinics and 720medical clinics participating in this scheme (World Health Organization, 2013). In 2015, Singapore has revised CPF contribution rates to Medisave which encouraged the low- wage workers to save more for their retirement and medical needs (Chen Phua, 2013). Singapore has number of centres that are focusing on the outpatient specialist care such as cancer, skin diseases, cardiovascular diseases, oral care. The National Heart Centre offers full range of treatment to different cardiovascular complications. These centres also conduct research and training program. There are more than 30 clinics offering 24 hours emergency care. Further, public sector has begun renting private clinics to treat subsidised patient due to more number of beds available here. The National Mental Health Blueprint of 2007 guides the agencies involved in mental health care. It laid a groundwork for integrated community living. The voluntary welfare organisations provides a long term care and social support for the elderly population. It has consequently increased the effectiveness of care and has reduced the cost (Chia Chan, 2008). The key drivers promoting UHC in Singapore are organisation and planning, public consultation and regulations (Lin, 2015). The ministry of Health in Singapore undertakes responsibility of needs assessments, manpower planning, cost control, system governance and financing, services planning with the goal of ensuring quality care and responsiveness to citizens needs. The ministry of health has developed core regulatory functions, which are regular conducting of inspections and audits. It licenses health care institutions under the private hospitals and Medical Clinics Act. It safeguards public against false claims by marketing the licensed facilities. The Health Sciences Authority regulates the manufacture, supply, presentation and import of healthcare products and ensures that it meets the internationally benchmarked safety standards. The government of Singapore takes the public and stakeholders views through various sessions and survey. Based on the opinion, the government implemente d various preventive and treatment services such as colonoscopies, mammograms and palliative care. The government also uses performance measurement and scorecard system to improve the performance of health care providers (Lim, 2016). In conclusion, there is a significant improvement in Singapores health care system in the last ten years. It meets the principle of UHC and the Alma-Ata Declaration to a great extent. However, it still needs to address the socio-economic health issues. Singapore government should not manage the rising health care cost issue superficially by addressing its direct influence. Rather, it must prepare its citizens to accept the change and manage the rising health care costs. Hence, recommended approach for Singapore to manage the health care costs by implementing effective strategies is to implement differential healthcare financing schemes to assist people from various socioeconomic group. Further, the current strategies cannot tackle the health care cost due to inflation. Singapore, must review its salary compensation strategy and its employment assistance programs. It can initiate programs to help the unemployed group of people to seek employment in short span of time. Further, it can accord the salary compensation for particular profession or occupation based on the abilities, skills, experience, performance and inflation. References Chen, L. C., Phua, K. H. (2013). Transferring lessons from Singapore: an art or a science?.The Lancet,382(9896), 930. Chia, N. C., Chan, A. (2008).Feminization of ageing and long term care financing in Singapore. East Asian Bureau of Economic Research. Chin, C. W. W., Phua, K. H. (2016). Long-term care policy: Singapores experience.Journal of aging social policy,28(2), 113-129. Choon, C. N. (2010). Social protection in Singapore: Targeted welfare and asset-based social security.Social Protection in East Asia-Current State and Challenges, 90. Fong, J. M. N., Tambyah, P. A. (2013). Singapore's health-care financing.The Lancet,382(9907), 1779-1780. Hang, C. C., Low, T. S., Thampuran, R. (Eds.). (2016).The Singapore Research Story. World Scientific. Haseltine, W. A. (2013).Affordable excellence: the Singapore healthcare story. Brookings Institution Press. Kumar, A., Ozdamar, L., Ning Zhang, C. (2008). Supply chain redesign in the healthcare industry of Singapore.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,13(2), 95-103. Lim, J. (2016). Positivity and Overcoming Under Happiness in Singapore Healthcare. InEnabling Positive Attitudes and Experiences in Singapore(pp. 83-88). Lim, M. K. (2010). Health Care Reforms in Singapore.Six countries, six reform models: the healthcare reform: experience of Israel, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland and Taiwan: healthcare reforms" under the radar screen, 111-136. Lin, L. W. (2015). Paying for healthcare.'Singapore''s Health Care System': What 50 Years Have Achieved, 75. Ng, A. T. S., Sy, C., Li, J. (2011, December). A system dynamics model of Singapore healthcare affordability. InSimulation Conference (WSC), Proceedings of the 2011 Winter(pp. 1-13). IEEE. Pwee, K. H. (2009). Health technology assessment in Singapore.International journal of technology assessment in health care,25(S1), 234-240. Sen, A. (2015). Universal Healthcare: the affordable dream.The Guardian,6(01), 2015. Tan, K. B., Tan, W. S., Bilger, M., Ho, C. W. (2014). Monitoring and evaluating progress towards universal health coverage in Singapore.PLoS Med,11(9), e1001695. World Health Organization. (2013). World Health Statistics 2013: Part III: Global Health Indicators (Geneva: World Health Organization). Wouters, O. J., Cylus, J., Yang, W., Thomson, S., McKee, M. (2016). Medical savings accounts: assessing their impact on efficiency, equity and financial protection in health care.Health Economics, Policy and Law,11(03), 321-335.

To investigate how temperature affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme catalase on its substrate hydrogen peroxide Essay Example

To investigate how temperature affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme catalase on its substrate hydrogen peroxide Essay Enzymes are biological catalysts which increase the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to tale place. The activation energy is the amount of energy needed for molecules to react when they collide. Molecules need to collide in order to react, this is known as the collision theory. When they collide they may not react as a certain amount of energy is required to break bonds, this energy is the activation energy.Enzymes are made of a long amino acid chain, within this some molecules are attracted to each other, so the chain folds in on itself to form a 3D shape.How enzymes are shaped.An area on the surface of the enzyme is known as the active site. This is where reactions take place to form or break down substances. Enzymes are specific which means a particular enzyme only works on one substance known as its substrate. For example, the substrate of amylase is starch and the substrate of lipase is fats. They only have one substrate because the act ive site is formed in a different shape for each enzyme, where only one substance can fit. The lock and key hypothesis states that the enzyme is like a lock which will only have one key.Lock and Key hypothesisThe substrate shown is the only substance that fits the enzyme. An enzyme substrate complex is the compound formed when the substrate is attached to the active site, it is only in this form for a short time while the substrate is being broken down.Enzymes can break own substances, known as catabolism, or can join substances together, known as anabolism. Together they form metabolism which is every chemical reaction in the body.catabolism and anabolism.Enzymes are affected by four factors which are1. Temperature2. pH3. Enzyme concentration4. Substrate concentrationA temperature increase gives ore energy to gives more energy to the substrate and the enzyme so they are more likely to collide and react. The frequency of the collisions with the right activation energy will increase so the rate of reaction will increase. The rate of increase is shown by a mathematical coefficient known as Q10, which states that a ten degree rise in temperture will cause the rate of reaction to approximately double. However at high temperatures enzymes will begin to denature. This means the attractions holding together the shape of the enzyme will begin to break so the active site loses its unique shape and is unable to react with its substrate. The optimum temperature for most enzymes is 37?C, after this they begin to denature. The enzymes in the body have this optimum temperature and the body has adapted to control its temperature so the enzymes are working at there best.Enzymes also have an optimum pH level, where they work best, any changes to this level will cause the enzymes to begin to denature.Pepsin works best in acidic conditions because it is used in the stomach along with stomach acid. Lipase works best in alkali conditions because it works with bile in the intestine s.Increasing the concentration of either the enzyme or the substrate will increase the number in the solution meaning there is more chance of collisions and reactions. There is a limit to the rate of reaction. For example if the enzyme concentration is increased from the same concentration of enzyme and substrate then the rate of reaction will not increase as there are not enough subsrate molecules to react with.HypothesisI predict that a rise in temperature will cause a rise in the rate of reaction until 40?C, after which enzymes will denature so the rate will fall. This will happen because a rise in temperature will mean the are moving faster and are more likely to collide with the catalase on the potato resulting in a greater frequency of collisions. A higher temperature will also mean more hydrogen peroxide molecules will have an energy above the activation energy, so there will be more collisions with the right activation energy. This will result in the rate of reaction increas ing.After 40?C the rate will fall because catalase will denature. His means the attractions between amino acid molecules in the enzyme will break and the enzyme will lose its shape. The active site of the enzyme changes so it can not break down hydrogen peroxide. As the temperature rises further the catalase will denature more quickly and the rate of reaction will fall further.A graph of rate of reaction against temperature may look like this.The rise of rate of reaction is governed by the Q10 coefficient, which states that a 10?C rise will result in an approximate double of the rate of reaction.MethodPreliminary work was undertaken to determine the amount of hydrogen peroxide and potato to use, and what temperature differences to use. The results are as follows;Volume of Hydrogen peroxide (ml)Length of Potato (cm)Temperature (?C)Volume of gas produced in 5 min (ml)112022202140322032401cm potato was too small to handle, and 2cm potato was not fully covered by 2cm3 hydrogen peroxide. So 2cm of potato was used with of hydrogen peroxide. There will not be enough time for all the experiments to be left for five minutes. So they will be left for four minutes, leaving enough time to complete all experiments.Pour 3cm3 of hydrogen peroxide into a test tube, place this in a water bath of 20?C to warm up. Use a cork borer to retrieve a strip of potato from a potato, cut this to 2cm using a cutting board and a knife. Pour water into a beaker and place and measuring cylinder, full of water, into it, as shown below. Take care not to allow air into the cylinder. Place the end of a delivery tube into the measuring cylinder as shown below. Place the potato on the side of the test tube and close it with the bung of the delivery tube. Allow the potato to drop into the hydrogen peroxide, which should be the temperature of the water bath, and start a timer.Set up of equipmentAs oxygen is produced in the reaction it will displace the air trapped in the test tube, this will be forc ed through the delivery tube into the measuring cylinder. The air will rise to the top as the measuring cylinder is full of water and its volume can be measured. Take readings of gas produced every 30 seconds for four minutes.Repeat the experiment twice for reliability and verification of results. Conduct similar experiments with water bath temperatures of 10?C, 30?C, 40?C, 50?C, 60?C and 70?C. In each case make sure the temperature of the substrate has reached the temperature of the water bath before adding the potato.Other methods which can be used are counting the number of bubbles produced, this would not be accurate as the bubble sizes are not the same and the volume is not measured. Measuring the mass of the gas lost is a better method as readings on the scale will be accurate, however this would require equipment which is not available.To make the test fair all other factors affecting the rate of reaction must be kept constant. This includes surface area of the potato and the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide. The experiment will be kept a fair test by:? Using the same length of potato, to keep the surface area constant,? Using the same volume of hydrogen peroxide,? Washing the test tube out with water and drying it, this will prevent concentration changes in hydrogen peroxide,? Using the same potato, as different potatoes will have different levels of catalase present,? Using the same concentration of hydrogen peroxide,? Using the same cork borer to cut the potato, to keep the surface area constant.The experiment will be safe by:? Always wearing safety goggles, as hydrogen peroxide an damage your eyes,? Not spilling the hydrogen peroxide as it is an irritant, and bleaches,? Taking care when cutting the potato,? Taking care when handling hot water.ResultsThe results obtained are as follows:There was not enough time to conduct two repetitions, however, one repetition was conducted. The rest of the method was followed as planned.1st Set of ResultsGas collected (ml) with the following temperatures (?C)Time (s)10203040506070300.050.100.200.400.100.100.20600.100.100.400.800.200.200.30900.100.200.601.300.300.400.301200.200.500.901.800.400.400.301500.200.501.102.200.400.400.301800.250.601.402.700.400.400.302100.300.701.603.000.600.400.302400.300.801.803.400.600.400.302nd Set of ResultsGas collected with (ml) the following temperatures (?C)Time (s)10203040506070300.050.050.100.200.300.300.25600.050.050.200.600.350.400.25900.200.100.300.900.400.400.251200.100.200.601.300.450.400.251500.150.400.801.800.450.400.251800.200.451.002.200.450.400.252100.200.601.302.700.450.400.252400.300.701.603.000.450.400.25AveragesGas collected (ml) with the following temperatures (?C)Time (s)10203040506070300.050.080.150.300.200.200.23600.080.080.300.700.280.300.28900.100.150.451.100.350.400.281200.150.350.751.550.430.400.281500.180.450.952.000.430.400.281800.230.531.202.450.430.400.282100.250.651.452.850.530.400.282400.300.751.703.200.530.400.28Rate of reactionTemperature (?C)Total gas collected (ml)Rate of Reaction (ml/s)/103100.301.25200.753.13301.707.08403.2013.33500.532.19600.401.67700.281.15AnalysisThe amount of gas produced is proportional to the rate of reaction because if the rate of reaction doubles then twice as many reactions are occurring per second so the amount a gas produced is doubled. The rate of reaction can be found by dividing the gas produced by the time. This has been done in the results.From the graph of temperature against rate of reaction we can see the highest rate of reaction, of 0.013 /s, occurs at 40?C. The rate is slow, 0.00125 /s, at 10?C it then rises with temperature until it reaches its maximum at 40?C. This happens because at low temperatures the hydrogen peroxide has less energy a moves more slowly. It will collide with the catalase less often, meaning the frequency of collisions is low. They are less likely to have the right activation energy so there are less collisions resulting in reactions. This will mean the rate of reaction will be low. At higher temperatures the hydrogen peroxide has enough energy to reach its activation energy and it is also colliding more often, so the rate of reaction will be higher.After 40?C the rate of reaction falls , this is because the catalase begins to denature. When enzymes denature the attractions between amino acids in the enzyme break and the enzyme begins to return to its original shape. The shape of the active site also changes so it cannot break down the hydrogen peroxide.The rise in rate of reaction between 10?C and 40?C complies with the Q10 coefficient, as a 10?C rise causes the rate of reaction to approximately double. This can be shown by dividing the higher rate of reaction by the lower one. For example dividing the rate of reaction at 20?C by the rate of reaction at 10?C should give a figure close to 2.These figures are all close to 2, they will not be exact because Q10 is only an approximate and the results are not perfect .From the table of results showing the average volume of gas produced every 30 seconds we can see that at 50?C the enzymes denature within 2 minutes, as gas is no longer produced. This happens because the enzyme takes time to heat up, while it is still reacting with the substrate. Once it is heated to the temperature of the hydrogen peroxide not all the enzymes are denatured. At 60?C the potato is heated faster and it takes 90 seconds for the enzymes to denature, at 70?C the potato is heated even faster and it takes 30 seconds to denature.The results agree with my hypothesis because I have predicted that the rate of reaction will rise between 10?C and 40?C, and the rate will fall after 40?C. The graph obtained for the results is also similar to the one predicted, and the results seem to follow as predicted.From conducting the experiment and gathering data I can conclude that the rate of reaction between catalase and hydrogen peroxide rises as the temperature of the mixture rises. Th is happens until 40?C, after which the rate of reaction falls because the catalase begins to denature. When enzyme denature attractions between the amino acids break so the enzymes loses its shape. The active site will no longer have its unique shape and the enzyme will be unable to react with its substrate.This is because only the right active site shape can break down hydrogen peroxide, according to the lock and key hypothesis, which suggests the substrate, like a key, will only have one lock, enzyme, it fits into. The reaction follows Q10 until 40?C, because a 10?C rise will give enough energy to the substrate to increase the number of collisions and give more molecules the right activation energy to react when the collide. This will double the rate of reaction.Two anomalous results occurred during the experiment.1. During the repeat reading of the experiment at 10?C the reading at 90 seconds is higher than that of 120 seconds. This does not affect the analysis as the reading was ignored when taking averages.2. During the 50?C experiment the first time the volume of gas produced stopped increasing between 120 and 180 seconds. Gas was then released, it may have been trapped in the delivery tube. When drawing the best fit line this was taken into account, so it shouldnt affect the analysis.EvaluationThe experiment was conducted successfully, the results obtained indicates a clear pattern which can be used to draw and support a valid conclusion. The experiment could not be conducted as planned because there was not enough time to repeat each experiment twice. However, one repetition was conducted which did make the results more reliable.The results are reliable because the experiment was a fair test. This was done by keeping all variables constant. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide was not changed, however, it did vary as it naturally decomposed into water and oxygen. It also decomposed more during the higher temperature experiments because the hydrogen p eroxide had more energy. This was a slight change and could not vary the volume of the gas produced significantly. The same volume oh hydrogen peroxide was used. The surface area of the potato was kept constant by using the same size cork borer and cutting it to the same size.The results are accurate because a narrow measuring cylinder was used, so the volume measured is more accurate. Hot and cold water were mixed to achieve accurate temperatures.An anomalous results occurred during the repeat reading of the 10?C experiment, the reading at 90 seconds is higher than that at 120 seconds. This reading was ignored when taking the average so It does not affect the analysis. It occurred because the measurement was misread, it may have been 0.1 cm3, instead of 0.2 cm3. Another anomalous result occurred during the first taking of the 50?C experiment, gas was released at 210 seconds when the experiment seemed to have stopped. The gas may have been trapped in the delivery tube and should hav e been released earlier in the experiment. This was taken into account when drawing the best fit line on the graph, so does not affect the analysis.The method used was good enough to achieve reliable readings , but it can be improved by measuring the mass of the gas lost, this would be more accurate as digital readings would be taken. Using a smaller frequency and a larger range of temperatures would give more evidence for the conclusion. However would require more time and equipment.Other improvements are, using thinner measuring cylinders, to measure out the hydrogen peroxide and the gas produced. Using a thermocouple thermometer to accurately measure the temperature. The hydrogen peroxide took time to heat up as the test tube is glass and is insulated. Using a better material would save time and would have allowed the plan to be completed. Using electronic equipment to take readings a exactly 30 seconds, would eliminate human error.Further work that would extend the investigation and give more evidence to the conclusion would be, to use different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and lengths of potato, to see how these affect the rate of reaction. Using other substances with catalase, like liver, to see how enzyme concentration affects the rate.

Oil

Oil In our society today, consumption of oil has become as common as food or beverage consumption. We use oil everyday. Oil is used for many things such as: raw material for many plastics, heating in winter, medicines, clothing, paint, transportation, and pesticides. "Crude Oil can be refined into gas, gasoline, kerosene, gas oil, fuel oil, and long residue" (Cohan, Emily 1). By using oil for basically everything, this natural resource is likely to last for only a short period of time. It seems as if we are always running out of oil and each barrel we use brings us one step closer to completely running out. However, we are finding new oil everyday. "Despite being a very mature producing region, the U.S. Geological Survey and the Minerals Management Service, have estimated that the U.S. still has substantial undiscovered oil and gas resources." Untapped resources are still coming up and are of use (American Petroleum Institute 1).United StatesIn 1859, Pennsylvania put up the world's first oil well (Clifford, Dick 3). According to the American Petroleum Institute, "Oil and natural gas together equal 65 percent of our nation's energy." That is an incredible amount of energy. Without that energy, our world would be in a lot of danger. We would run out of everyday materials such as: rubber, electricity, and other things that we need for existence. In 1904, Captain William Matson proved oil was more efficient than coal. Oil was thereafter used for gasoline in the new cars, in steamers, and in sugar refineries. A ton of coal equals the same amount of energy as 4 barrels of oil (Cohan, Emily, 1). Wow! If people could actually realize how much that actually is then the world would be saved! Think of how much money people could save on...

A Holiday In Italy Essay Research Paper

A Vacation In Italy Essay, Research Paper I ve merely come back from Italy after my 12 yearss trip at that place. It was fantastic to makenew friends during traveling, plus they are nice people excessively. Ironically, Italy is an ancient state, which full of historical heritages, particularly during the Roman Empire. There were a batch of statues and pictures in galleries and museums. In Rome, there has nil but tonss of museum, galleries, churches and Roman forums. It was wash uping to go for whole twenty-four hours on pes. I walked 10 hours a twenty-four hours during in Rome. I spent three yearss at that place, walking about within the museums and galleries. Well, for two yearss my eyes had seen a batch of statues and pictures until I got tired of them. Apart from that, I went to see some of the celebrated churches in Rome, particularly San Peter Church on which was nearby Vatican City. This church is superb and good decorated with statues, pictures and carvings on the ceilings. I don t cognize how to depict it in English. But if one twenty-four hours you have the chance to see Italy in future, you will cognize how great it is. There was something raging me really much during the 2nd twenty-four hours in Rome. I was robbed by two little misss who were at their age of 15 old ages old when I came out from the station office. At first, they came to me inquiring for money by stating me that you were hungering, needed some money to purchase nutrient. I ignored them and walked off. They kept following and drawing my suit. I said I didn Ts have money to give them. Suddenly, I felt a manus fumbling in my pocket. No uncertainty, I caught her handstiffly and I found that they were stealing my money from my pocket. My money was scattered on the floor. I released my custodies to pick up all my money back and the two misss walked off as if nil happened. I chasedthem and shouted for the constabulary. But cipher bothered me. One of the misss pulled up her jumper, demoing her chests in order to halt me barricading their manner. Finally, I gave up and allow them acquire off. I was wholly devastated with this incident which happened in the beginning of the twenty-four hours. Besid es, I went to Florence, Lucca, Pisa, Verona and Vanice. In Vanice, I met an Italian gay guy offering me money to have sex withhim. This happened when I was walking along the bank. A guy started talking to me and then helping me out lots in taking pictures. He also showedme around in one of the Islands in Vanice called Lido. Apart from that, he also bought me drinks and offered to stay in his house by telling me that it was costly to stay in the hotel. So I followed him to hisstudio to have lunch with him. The studio was deserted. There was only he andI in the studio. After filling up our stomach, he started to dance and taught me how to dance. I started suspecting that he was gay as he got closed to me. Suddenly, he embraced me and telling me he loved me. I pushed him away without doubt. He begged me to take off my trousers but I refused. And then, he asked if I want money. He was offering me money to have sex with him. And i said I don t need any money. He begged meto hug him from the back. So that he could do masturbation. I did helping him doing masturbation by pretending hugging at his back. Eventually, his sperm spilt on the floor. After that, I told him that I would have to go somewhere and rang up a friend of mine to let her know that I would stay over night in his house. I pretended to be interested in staying in his house. So I asked his phone number and I said I would give him a call in the evening. But I didn t phone him at all. So Ileft Vanice without his notice. Queuing That s the ridiculous experiences I got in Italy. Anyway, I was glad to know that someone admired me. But it was a pity that it was a gay guy. In the other hand, I met some nice Argentinian and Italianduring the entirely journey. They invited me to stay in their house if I come to visit Argentina. We exchanged address and promised to write to each other. A friend of mine was Italian. I stayed few days in her friends house. Within the few days, we had had meal together. After that I had great conversation with them. I felt great because these let me know more about Italian and their cultures.

Global Branding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Global Branding - Essay Example The motivation as to find the main aspects that would increase productivity by understanding how people think and behave based on cultural attributes. This study opened up the need to look for diversity training methods that would improve the way people understood the society. Ideally, the growth of any organization was pegged on an ability to understand the main intrigues that lead to brand loyalty as many argue within the international business platform. Brands will only sell an organization if employees are aware of what the brand means to them and the effects it has on their performance. This essay seeks to answer pertinent questions regarding the link between brand and culture. The main hypothesis is that culture is a huge determinant of how branding will take place, with the building blocks and elements of the brand picking their strength from the key attributes of the inherent culture. If the culture is ignored, branding will not achieve anything in the new market. This will be first handled by briefly looking at the main aspects of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, the elements that make brands appealing to clients, and the link between the two. Brand management only happens when managements involve employees in the creation of a motivating and sustainable culture. When one hears of the term culture, one of the main definitions that come to mind has to do with the beliefs, customs, art, morals and knowledge that is acquired by a group of people working or living in similar premises. This also extends to the workplace where people share the company’s values, norms, brands, mission statements, objectives, morals, and aims as they work towards meeting the main goals within that organization (Hofstede 2010: 29). Ideally, the growing need for a stable company leads to the growth of a culture that can meet the main demands of the society while working towards the behavioral restructuring of the different people within the